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 Proto-Turkic Altaic etymology Meaning Russian meaning Old Turkic Karakhanid Turkish Tatar Middle Turkic Uzbek Uighur Sary-Yughur Azerbaidzhan Turkmen Khakassian Shor Oyrat Halaj Chuvash Yakut Dolgan Tuva Tofalar Kirghiz Kazakh Noghai Bashkir Balkar Gagauz Karaim Karakalpak Salar Kumyk Comments
face="Times New Roman Star"*jAmakface="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"helperface="Times New Roman Star"помощник

face="Times New Roman Star"jamak
face="Times New Roman Star"jamag| (R)























face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 184.
face="Times New Roman Star"*silface="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"horse that eats too little foodface="Times New Roman Star"слишком мало едящая лошадьface="Times New Roman Star"sil at (MK); sil kis?i 'abstemious person'



























face="Times New Roman Star"OT = Mong. sila buli ideku 'to eat without appetite'
face="Times New Roman Star"*on|ur-, *on|-face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"to crush, break offface="Times New Roman Star"ломать, отламывать
face="Times New Roman Star"og|ur- (MK)
face="Times New Roman Star"umyr-




face="Times New Roman Star"on|ur-, omur-face="Times New Roman Star"or-



face="Times New Roman Star"on|- 'to pick out'face="Times New Roman Star"on|- 'to pick out'face="Times New Roman Star"o:r-
face="Times New Roman Star"omur-face="Times New Roman Star"omyr-face="Times New Roman Star"omyr-face="Times New Roman Star"umyr-


face="Times New Roman Star"omyr-

face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 91, ЭСТЯ 1, 461; Stachowski 194. Derived is PT *on|ur-tka 'spine, backbone' (see ЭСТЯ 1, 463-464).
face="Times New Roman Star"*u":k-face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"to grind, crush, rubface="Times New Roman Star"молоть, крошить, растиратьface="Times New Roman Star"o"gi- ( ? u"-) (OUygh.)face="Times New Roman Star"o"gi- ( ? u"-) (MK)face="Times New Roman Star"o"ju"t-, o"vu"t-face="Times New Roman Star"u"k- (dial.)face="Times New Roman Star"u"gu"t- (AH)
face="Times New Roman Star"u"k- (dial.)
face="Times New Roman Star"u"ju"t- 2face="Times New Roman Star"u"vi-, u"vu"t- 2








face="Times New Roman Star"u"k-face="Times New Roman Star"u"k-


face="Times New Roman Star"u":t-
face="Times New Roman Star"u"k-, u"gi-

face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 101-102, ЭСТЯ 1, 618-619. The root clearly has a *-k-, with a development > *-g- > *-g|- in Oghuz pointing to an original long vowel. It should be therefore distinguished from PT *o"g- 'to knead, press' which shows only reflexes of *-g-.
face="Times New Roman Star"*ajyt-face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"to rub off, peel offface="Times New Roman Star"стирать, сдирать шкуру

face="Times New Roman Star"ajyt-la-, ajyk-la-


face="Times New Roman Star"ajt-





















face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 12, Radloff 1, 48, 222. Cf. also Khak. ajg|y 'smooth, polished' (VEWT 11).
face="Times New Roman Star"*Tugurface="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"1 a k. of tent 2 tent coveringface="Times New Roman Star"1 вид шатра 2 покрышка шатра

face="Times New Roman Star"turluk (dial.) 2
face="Times New Roman Star"tug|ur 1, tug|urluq 2 (Pav. C.)



face="Times New Roman Star"durluq 2








face="Times New Roman Star"tu:rduq 2face="Times New Roman Star"tuwyrluq 2




face="Times New Roman Star"tuwyrluq 2

face="Times New Roman Star"Лексика 515. Tur. turluk, Turkm. durluG show irregular reflexation; we may be dealing with some interlingual loans here; the quality of the initial dental in PT is thus not quite clear.
face="Times New Roman Star"*toponface="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"1 straw 2 chaff, branface="Times New Roman Star"1 солома 2 мякина, полова
face="Times New Roman Star"topun 'wheat chaff' (MK; EDT glosses 'a lump of food', probably incorrectly)
face="Times New Roman Star"tuban 2 (Тумашева 216)
face="Times New Roman Star"to.po|n 2face="Times New Roman Star"topan 2

face="Times New Roman Star"(dial.) tova:n, tofa:n 1
face="Times New Roman Star"toban 'хлебная пыль, труха'






face="Times New Roman Star"typyn 2face="Times New Roman Star"topan 2



face="Times New Roman Star"toban 1face="Times New Roman Star"topan 2

face="Times New Roman Star"ЭСТЯ 8; despite Tekin 1969, 65 should be kept distinct from *topraq 'dust'.
face="Times New Roman Star"*omac?-face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"1 to dive 2 scoopface="Times New Roman Star"1 погружаться 2 черпак









face="Times New Roman Star"omac? 2face="Times New Roman Star"omas? 2


face="Times New Roman Star"umus- 1
face="Times New Roman Star"oma:s? 2










face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 361, 514.
face="Times New Roman Star"*Ap / *Epface="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"emphatic strengthening particleface="Times New Roman Star"эмфатическая усилительная частица
face="Times New Roman Star"ap / ep (MK)face="Times New Roman Star"ap (XIV c.), apac?yk 'quite, completely'




face="Times New Roman Star"apz?|yG 'however'









face="Times New Roman Star"apej 'an emphatic interjection'








face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 3.
face="Times New Roman Star"*bo"gse(k) < *bo"s-ge(k)face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"a part of human or animal trunkface="Times New Roman Star"часть туловищаface="Times New Roman Star"bo"gsig 'some part of body (belly?)' (OUygh.)face="Times New Roman Star"bo"kseg 'woman's breast; upper part of chest' (MK)
face="Times New Roman Star"bu"kse| 'belly; bird crop'face="Times New Roman Star"bo"kse 'the part of a human or animal body above the waist' (Abush., Sangl.)face="Times New Roman Star"bu.ksa 'side part of the body below the breast and down to the hip; (dial.) lower part of body'







face="Times New Roman Star"p@w|z/exe 'crop'face="Times New Roman Star"bo"sko"-j- 'to appear abdominous'
face="Times New Roman Star"bo"skek 'bird's breast'face="Times New Roman Star"bo"ksek 'bird's breast'face="Times New Roman Star"bo"kso" 'side of body; foot-hill'

face="Times New Roman Star"bu"kt|a" 'short person (abusive)'face="Times New Roman Star"bo"ksu"n 'half of animal carcass'




face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 329, VEWT 84, 83, ЭСТЯ 2, 213-214, Лексика 278. Forms without -k meaning 'buttock' or 'lower part of body' are most probably borrowed < Mong. *bo"gse, having quite different origin (see under *pi_oko) - although some contaminations were not excluded.
face="Times New Roman Star"*bolface="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"abundant, fullface="Times New Roman Star"обильный, полный

face="Times New Roman Star"bolface="Times New Roman Star"mul
face="Times New Roman Star"bo|l (Chag.), mo|l (Uzb.)


face="Times New Roman Star"bol



face="Times New Roman Star"pu"le-mes; pu"l-l@ 'stalwart'



face="Times New Roman Star"mol








face="Times New Roman Star"ЭСТЯ 2, 184-185.
face="Times New Roman Star"*bAl/-makface="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"boot, shoeface="Times New Roman Star"ботинок, обувь
face="Times New Roman Star"bas?maq (MK Oghuz), bas?aq (MK Chigil), bas?maq (IM)face="Times New Roman Star"bas?mak, pas?makface="Times New Roman Star"bas?maqface="Times New Roman Star"bas?maq (Sangl., MA)face="Times New Roman Star"dial. (Khorazm) bas?-lyq 'heel-piece of a boot'

face="Times New Roman Star"bas?maGface="Times New Roman Star"bas?maq, pas?maq ("heel of a camel; boot")








face="Times New Roman Star"bas?maq-ta- 'to sole (a boot)'
face="Times New Roman Star"bas?maqface="Times New Roman Star"bas?maqface="Times New Roman Star"bas?maq

face="Times New Roman Star"bas?maq
face="Times New Roman Star"bas?maqface="Times New Roman Star"EDT 382-383, ЭСТЯ 2, 93-95, ОСНЯ 3 69, TMN 2, 293-294. Doerfer's inner etymology (bas?mak with vowel elision < *bas?a-mak from *bas?a- 'to cut, make notches') is impossible: bas?a- is derived from *ba:l/(c?) 'wound' with a long vowel, while bas?mak has a short one.
face="Times New Roman Star"*ja:kface="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"sideface="Times New Roman Star"сторона


face="Times New Roman Star"jaq, z?|aqface="Times New Roman Star"jaq (R), jaq (LOQ)face="Times New Roman Star"jo|qface="Times New Roman Star"jaqface="Times New Roman Star"jaq
face="Times New Roman Star"ja:q (dial.)








face="Times New Roman Star"z?|aqface="Times New Roman Star"z?aqface="Times New Roman Star"jaqface="Times New Roman Star"jaq


face="Times New Roman Star"z?aq
face="Times New Roman Star"jaq (dial.)face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 180, ЭСТЯ 4, 82.
face="Times New Roman Star"*(i)a:tagface="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"1 sacrifice 2 price, sale 3 engagement, votive 4 giftface="Times New Roman Star"1 жертвоприношение 2 цена, продажа 3 помолвка, обет 4 подарок

face="Times New Roman Star"adag| 1, 3, 4




face="Times New Roman Star"adax 3face="Times New Roman Star"a:daG 3
face="Times New Roman Star"ada 1


face="Times New Roman Star"aty: 2












face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 5. All the listed forms may be derived from *a:ta- `to name' ( < *a:t `name'), but the specific meanings rather suggest a secondary contamination.
face="Times New Roman Star"*solakface="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"1 spleen 2 gillsface="Times New Roman Star"1 селезенка 2 жабры
face="Times New Roman Star"solaq (MK)







face="Times New Roman Star"palyx sulazy 'молоки' (Борг., Kach.)


face="Times New Roman Star"sola 1,2













face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 427, EDT 826, ЭСТЯ 7, Федотов 2, 57.
face="Times New Roman Star"*berface="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"swelling, glandface="Times New Roman Star"железа, желвак








face="Times New Roman Star"berc?face="Times New Roman Star"mir


face="Times New Roman Star"parface="Times New Roman Star"bert / berge



face="Times New Roman Star"beris?ek 'thick pus' (R)








face="Times New Roman Star"*dar-face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"1 to go apart, scatter, spread 2 to branch, be forked 3 branch 4 claw 5 fingerface="Times New Roman Star"1 расходиться, рассеиваться, распространяться 2 растопыриваться, разветвляться 3 ветвь 4 лапа 5 палец
face="Times New Roman Star"tarmaq 4, tarmaqla- 2, tar- 1 (MK)face="Times New Roman Star"darga- 1 (dial.)face="Times New Roman Star"tar- 1 (dial.), tarmaq 3face="Times New Roman Star"tar- 'to put an end to smth.' (Qutb)face="Times New Roman Star"tarvaj- 2, tarmaq 3face="Times New Roman Star"tarmaq 3face="Times New Roman Star"tarmaq 5face="Times New Roman Star"darma-dag|yn 'scattered'face="Times New Roman Star"darg|a- 1face="Times New Roman Star"tarba- 2


face="Times New Roman Star"torat 3face="Times New Roman Star"tarbax 5, targ|a:- 1face="Times New Roman Star"targat- 1 (tr.)face="Times New Roman Star"darba- 2
face="Times New Roman Star"tarba- 2, tarmaq 3face="Times New Roman Star"tarmaq 3face="Times New Roman Star"tarma- 2, tarmaq 3face="Times New Roman Star"tarba- 2, tarmaq 3


face="Times New Roman Star"tarba- 2, tarmaq 3
face="Times New Roman Star"tarmaq 3face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 463, EDT 529, ЭСТЯ 3, 150-151, Дыбо 312, Лексика 256, Федотов 2, 251, Stachowski 218. Widely spread modern Kypchak forms like Kirgh. tara-, tarqa- 'to become scattered' etc. are most probably < Mong. tara-, tarqa- (see under *t`a/jri), since the (rather scanty) Oghuz evidence points to *d-, so Clauson (EDT 529) may be right in thinking that there is no etymological connection between PT *dar- and Mong. tara-, tarqa- 'disperse'. It is also probable that the common Turkic derivatives *darma- 'to scrape, rake up; to scatter, disperse in different directions', as well as *dara- 'to comb' (ЭСТЯ 3, 147-149, Stachowski 217) can belong here - although both roots tend to contaminate actively with PT *dyrn|a- 'to scrape' (q. v. sub *c?i_u>ru).
face="Times New Roman Star"*eru"kface="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"1 plum 2 apricotface="Times New Roman Star"1 слива 2 абрикосface="Times New Roman Star"eru"k 1, 2 (OUygh.)face="Times New Roman Star"eru"k 1, 2 (MK)face="Times New Roman Star"erik 1face="Times New Roman Star"u">ri>k 2face="Times New Roman Star"eru"k (AH) 'peach', o"ru"k (Abush.) 1face="Times New Roman Star"o.ri.k 2face="Times New Roman Star"u"ru"k 2
face="Times New Roman Star"a"rik 2face="Times New Roman Star"erik 2








face="Times New Roman Star"o"ru"k 2face="Times New Roman Star"ori>k 2
face="Times New Roman Star"u">ru">k 2face="Times New Roman Star"erik 1face="Times New Roman Star"ierik 1face="Times New Roman Star"erik 1face="Times New Roman Star"erik 2face="Times New Roman Star"o"ru"x 1face="Times New Roman Star"erik 1face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 222, ЭСТЯ 1, 291-292.
face="Times New Roman Star"*ed-face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"to tan (leather)face="Times New Roman Star"дубить (шкуру)







face="Times New Roman Star"ejma" 'leather bag with clabber'face="Times New Roman Star"ej-



face="Times New Roman Star"ir-z/@ 'skinner'face="Times New Roman Star"etirik `skin scraper'












face="Times New Roman Star"ЭСТЯ 1, 236-237, 335-336, Мудрак Дисс. 171, Лексика 377.
face="Times New Roman Star"*orgaface="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymologyface="Times New Roman Star"female or young maralface="Times New Roman Star"самка или детеныш марала


face="Times New Roman Star"org|acaq (Sib.)





face="Times New Roman Star"org|a, org|ac?a (Kyz.)face="Times New Roman Star"org|a
















face="Times New Roman Star"Борг. 629.
,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,
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